Globalisation and Dilemmas of Income Taxation - Free Samples

Question: Examine about the Globalization and Dilemmas of Income Taxation. Answer: Presentation: The current fragment explains in insight about ascertainment of capital addition in any case misfortune from Erics exchange of old fashioned container. The current situation referenced for the situation helps in knowing the way that Eric got ownership of different asset considering antique jar well as seat, sound framework for home, artistic creations just as portions of specific recorded business organizations. Regardless, Eric showcased all the previously mentioned assets simply after procurement of the expressed ones. Basically, this case intends to build up the exact capital increase in any case misfortune from the said exchange. However, this procedure of foundation of the correct capital increase else shrewd misfortune can be associated to explicit by law of assessment that is 108-20 announcement stated by ITAA. Evidently this issue referenced thus the case can be comprehended after appropriate direction to the assessment diktat (108-20) verbalized by ITAA (Woellner et al., 201 6). According to tax collection diktat 108 (20) stated by ITAA, it tends to be deciphered that a misfortune measure of $1000 emerges from the offer of home sound device can't be allowed for deduction from the assessable acquiring. Because of the way that misfortunes got from freeing from assets for individual use can't be determined. Basically, the business as usual for adjusting embraced is established in the guidelines specified under principle numbered 108 - 110 stated by ITAA 1997 (Woellner, 2013). Since Eric has procured gains from removal of common resources of the business, capital derivation isn't passable under law in the current money related year. As a result, by and large benefit estimation of Eric sums to $15000. The investigation alludes to a case on professional interactions associated with a specific bank official named as Brian. The case outlines that the business of the particular allowed Brian an advance adding up to $1 million with appended financing cost of almost 1% consistently. By the by, the current set-up additionally uncovers the way that the financial authority utilized 40% of this loaned sum for making salary and met all the advance commitments concerning the intrigue cost. The current inquiry is to illuminate the quantifiable estimation of incidental advantage counted for the year 2016 just as 2017. What's more, this current segment additionally expects to evaluate whether the appropriate response inferred may potentially be totally if there should be an occurrence of installment of enthusiasm on loaned sum at the end time of the advance understanding rather than month to month distributions of interests. In any case, it is crucial to understand if the bank sets liberates Bri an from taking care of the measure of enthusiasm on acquired assets. In this way, the current contextual analysis under pondering can be joined to the settling of worries during the time spent ascertainment of FBT-tax collection (incidental advantage). Basically, this again can be associated with tax assessment order affirmed under by law TR 93/6 (Wallschutzky, 2012). Basic investigation of guidelines of tax collection enunciated under TR 93/6 guides in increasing thorough mindfulness with respect to the whole strategy of finding out incidental advantage charge Krever Black, 2013). As per a specific guidance obviously conveyed by the law, on the off chance that if the bank giving fund liberates or as such frees the person from the obligation of taking care of the premium sum, at that point that individual may be discharged from the responsibility of premium installments (Hamilton et al., 2012). In this manner, Brian can be discharged from the responsibility of taking care of duty sum. At long last it tends to be affirmed that there is no impulse to clear up the expense responsibility by making outgoings with respect to the financial authority since he is liberated from the obligation of premium dispensing by the loaning bank that offered the credit. Application connected to tax assessment order As appropriately showed by Ganghof Eccleston (2014), tax assessment guidance verbalized under TR 93/32 presents methods of rewarding benefits in any case misfortunes emerging from mutually holding investment properties. According to the guidelines enunciated under by law TR 93/32, rental belongings mutually held can't be alluded to as associations during the time spent expense evaluation (Eccleston, 2014). The pertinent rule as refered to under this decision explains the way that organization accord that incorporates both either in composed configuration or by overhearing people's conversations is said to apply any effect on the general procedure of disseminating continues got from the mutually held investment property. In addition, the diktat under this standing rule additionally focuses on the way that co-proprietors of a particular rental belonging under consideration can't be seen as accomplices especially under basic conditions of the decision. In a general sense, bargains of jo int endeavor can't have any impact on the consolidated measure of either benefit or, in all likelihood misfortune partitioned between the co-owners of the property. According to the given contextual analysis, extent s of risk of Jack just as his significant other is basically 90% and 10% separately. The decisions of the case on F.C. of T. v McDonald(1987) 18 ATR 957 can be alluded to in such manner. This law case decision expresses that accomplice of the high-roller of expense laid hands on two differing title in a particular shared endeavor (Eccleston, 2012). In view of this it tends to be said that the settlement helped in approving that two unique holders of benefits (for this situation Jack and Jill) can gain income in the particular rate division of especially 75% and 25% individually. In the light of the guidelines referenced in this, both the co-proprietors that is Jack alongside spouse Jill have the privilege on the returns of the property as joint tenants. Related to the guidance explained in the standing rules TR 93/32, it would thus be able to be made out that in instances of joint holders of rental belongings, misfortune experienced can be reasonably dispersed among the two unique owners, regardless of the way that joint holding of leased belongings can't be viewed as rewarded in the comparative way as the dealings did in associations. Case on IRC v Duke of Westminster[1936] AC 1 describes about duty avoiding. This specific occurrence bears notice about the way that all people have the consent to coordinate explicit situation for permitting conclusions from the deliberate commitment of expense (Eccleston, 2014). Fundamentally, this legitimate case talks about the Duke of Westminster who conveyed a plant specialist and paid pay from the significant income got post charge from basically the Dike. Be that as it may, to reduce the general burdened worth, the Duke likewise stopped to give compensation to that particular cultivator and rather built up a settlement to do payment that is of equivalent worth. All things considered, the pronouncements of duty gave Duke the power to guarantee for a finding during the time spent his expense evaluation (Ganghof Eccleston, 2014). Basically, this therefore diminished the general obligation of the payer of duty as both the annual expense just as the surtax got reduced. Thusly, the Inland Revenue actually lost in the legitimate body of evidence that was against the Duke. This case discusses the people looking for methods of sidestepping charge legitimately by age of explicit conditions. Be that as it may, in the current conditions, the standard in Australia explains that if a particular individual can achieve accomplishment for getting to the end, the whole Inland Revenue in such case may conceivably be enslaved for their configuration (Halligan, 2015). Issues that can be thusly perceived from the case investigation: The perceived issue in the current state spins around investigation of income emerging from the takings of the organization from the deals of felled lumber. Essentially, this specific sum can be seen under tax collection standing rule explained under 6-1 of the standard for Assessment of Income (in other words, Income Tax Assessment Act-1936) (Eccleston, 2014). Point by point assessment of the case mirrors that Bill essentially has a specific land that has pine trees. Moving further, the case under reflection likewise affirms that Bill has the aim to put the land to use to brush by sheep and get it cleaned. Far beyond this, Bill got the feeling that a logging element is good to go to pay $1000 for wood. Separating all the issues of concern identified with the tax collection joined to capital additions, Bill is given proposals concerning the takings from the particular plan. Basically, announcement of tax collection verbalized under TR 95/6 demonstrates towards aftereffects of tax assessment that essentially crop up from the creations with takes a shot at ranch and ranger service works (Keating, 2015). Furthermore, this particular decision directs unveils the ties or, more than likely impediments as respects takings from the business that emerge out of the deals of the wood got from the land. Essentially, this requires enquiry with respect to the way that whether the individual paying the duty is in any capacity in a partaker in the ranger service works. 6-1 specified under tax assessment act - 1936, assembling can be connected to exercises of manor (Krever Black, 2013). Definite evaluation of the instance of Bill uncovers that Bill didn't complete any sort of manor work. In any case, Bill got the takings got from selling the felled lumber. Along these lines, this can be seen as a quantifiable pay of the individual settling the assessment. Closing perception: At last, it very well may be thusly found out that acknowledgment of various takings that are created from deals that is in this particular case got from deals of lumber can be seen as quantifiable salary according to mandate enunciated under 6 (1) articulated by ITAA. References Eccleston, R. (2012). Burdening times: a political retrospective.Austl. Duty F.,17, 287. Eccleston, R. (2014). Multi year issue: the legislative issues of Australian expense change, The.Australian Tax Research Foundation Research Studies, 206. Ganghof, S., Eccleston, R. (2014). Globalization and the di

Executive leadership personal growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Official administration self-awareness - Essay Example I had the errand of looking over a gathering of individuals about their needs of cleanser and persuading them to purchase my preferred cleanser. The errand expected me to showcase the item which I had around then. So I was allowed the chance to express the value which, I thought, would be fine, and yet I needed to sell a definite number of cleansers so the errand would be finished with the necessary objectives. I took in the specialty of correspondence and applied it when I began promoting and selling my item. Nonetheless, I before long understood that the manner in which I was showcasing the item was in a state of harmony with the necessities and needs of the individuals. The most significant exercise in advertising is to sell what individuals don’t know. The late incredible Steve Jobs was once posed the inquiry whether his organization embraces statistical surveying so as to discover what the requirements of the individuals are, and the extraordinary man reacted in his trade mark style that individuals don’t recognize what they need and, along these lines, it is the activity of the organizations and the business visionaries to give them something what they have never thought about yet would at present acknowledge and fit it in their day by day life and their needs. I found out about my shortcomings while I was taken a crack at the program. Each man believes that, when he takes an undertaking to perform, he will do it in the most ideal manner. Notwithstanding, there are many possibilities which go about in the exhibition of any errand. Probably the best shortcoming was not being a decent audience. I didn't tune in to the requests of the client in the correct manner and, in this manner, lost in my objective of selling the necessary number of items relegated to me. The program I experienced showed me how to show restraint toward my customers, just as being mindful to the manner in which I endeavor to showcase my items to others. It’s fundamen tal to have a solid up close and personal articulation while managing the customers. â€Å"Each character type has an alternate thought of being effective. Self-information is one shared objective that will assist everybody with making individual progress. Such a large number of individuals are hung up on another person's concept of being effective, and they are unconscious of what is really essential to them. This is totally ordinary. We as a whole have significant good examples and influencers in our lives who may have essential qualities that are very not quite the same as our own. If so, it's critical to perceive that the error between what we have been instructed is genuinely significant and what we actually accept to be really significant is because of a distinction in context. On the off chance that we invest our energy and exertion attempting to meet another person's concept of achievement, and disregard or put down any clashing messages from our own mind, at that point we will end up depleted and troubled. Acknowledging what is really essential to us is a significant advance towards accomplishing individual success.† (Personal Growth) In agreement with the above content, it is imperative to investigate one’s shortcomings and qualities so as to achieve development as an individual. We as a whole will in general get repressed as characters. Be that as it may, there is an approach to check the restraint, which is to battle it out as far as you could tell and to remain decided and quiet during the time spent evacuating all the hindrances. While doing my advertising work I took in the specialty of selling items in the wake of confronting numerous disappointments. The significant thing to note here is that, as individuals, we don't give ourselves enough opportunities to evaluate something new and imaginative. We are on edge

How to Write a Scholarship Essay That Stands Out

How to Write a Scholarship Essay That Stands Out How to Write a Winning Essay for Scholarship You have been looking for a scholarship for a long time. You have read numerous articles online. Youve made your own list of college awards that you would like to get and enjoy. Now you need to start your winning path. And there is only one thing that separates you from your success. Yes, you’ve got it right. It is a scholarship essay. It goes without saying that this paper is very important if you want to get a scholarship. You should understand that your grades and ideas will not do the entire job. So, read some winning tips on how to write a scholarship essay and implement them to get the needed results. In fact, writing scholarship essays requires good writing skills. Moreover, you should know what kind of a paper you need to compose. Do you have a crystal clear idea of what a scholarship essay is? Well, it is a piece that shows you are a strong candidate who deserves to win the race and get the money. It is hard. It is time-consuming. It is important. Writing scholarship essays is difficult, and not because you are a bad writer, but because you never know how to please the judge. And let’s be honest â€" it is all about pleasing the judge. Thus, you need to have your writing skills honed and perfected. For this, you have blogs and diaries to write just for the sake of writing. You should take into account all aspects that an admission officer will pay attention to. How can you cope with all that? Well, let’s enumerate 10 tips that will definitely help you come up with a winning scholarship paper. Read them and implement. You’ll be wowed with the results. 10 Best scholarship essay tips for you to follow: How to start a scholarship essay and complete it in a winning way Well, there are a lot of articles on the Web on how to compose a scholarship essay. However, let us ask you the question: “Do you really have time to read them all, study and analyze them?” All you need is really effective and time-tested tips on how to win scholarship essay contests. Our experts with years of scholarship application essay experience have come up with the list of winning tips that will surely make your paper stand out. Here they are: Look through the instructions carefully and focus on what you should highlight in your essay. Plan your writing process. Divide it into parts and think over how you will cover each stage. Research the topic you need to cover properly before getting down to writing. Define what sources are the most suitable for your paper and study them thoroughly. It will give you a clear picture of where to go in your essay. Pay attention to your scholarship essay format and its length. If it is APA, you need to meet its standards. MLA won’t do in this case. Be very attentive and careful with the reference style otherwise formatting errors can spoil all your efforts. Develop a winning thesis statement. Keep in mind that thesis statement is the key to a brilliant paper. It should be concise, narrow and fit your topic perfectly. It should be arguable. If you want to get appreciation and make a positive impression on the judge, your essay should flow naturally and contain your own experience. Use simple words and convey your ideas in a clear manner. Present your achievements smoothly so that it won’t look like you are boasting. Describe different situations from your college life and include your accomplishments in the suitable context. Dive into the writing process and concentrate on it. Different temptations may occur and distract you from the process of creation your masterpiece. Ignore them and focus on writing. You’ll be wowed how effective you can be if your concentration is good. Make sure all the citations are done properly. It is of a great importance. Pay your attention that all citations should meet the standards of the required academic style otherwise you may face the risk of being accused of plagiarism. Check your paper before submitting it. Are you done with your paper? Congratulations! You’ve made it! However, there is still one thing that you should do. Yes, you need to proofread and edit your paper. Check it for spelling, grammar, formatting and other errors and eliminate them if you find any. You can find special software on the Web that can help you with it. Another good idea is to give your essay to somebody (your sister, brother, friend, etc.) and ask him/her to read it. Sometimes a fresh set of eyes can save you from a failure. We hope all these tips will help you come up with a superb scholarship essay that will enable you to win a long-desired scholarship. What can be done if writing a scholarship essay is too challenging for you? If you are still puzzled or have little time to compose a triumphant college scholarship essay, you may get help online. We make a point of finding the most skilled people to deliver you the most decent writing assistance that will feet your current academic needs. Former teachers and admission officers, journalists and bloggers â€" we have a team of versatile specialists who are all masters of the quill. Every expert in our team is well-versed in the topic you need to cover. Check the site and see scholarship essay samples to get the idea of how your future paper may look like.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Substance Abuse - 1574 Words

Substance abuse consists of an individual exhibiting dysfunctional behavior as a result of consuming psychoactive substances that eventually culminate in adverse consequences. According to the 2013, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately 24.6 million Americans over the age of 12 were current illicit drug users; moreover, 136.9 million Americans were current alcohol users, which is more than half (52.2%) of the American population (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapies are among the most thoroughly studied psychotherapeutic approaches for individuals with substance abuse disorders that date back to the work of Ivan Pavlov on classic conditioning. There have been multiple studies that show cognitive-behavioral model of addiction can be effective as a stand-alone treatment or combined other treatment strategies. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for substance abuse incorporates a variety of individual and g roup treatments including motivational interviewing, contingency management, pharmacotherapy, psychoeducational therapy, coping and social skills training, and relapse prevention. Cognitive-behavioral therapy considers substance use disorders as a complex multi-determined problem with a number of influences playing a role in the development or perpetuation of the disorder (Marlatt and Donovan, 2005). Some risk factors that may influence drug abuse are: personality traits such as impulsivity orShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness Of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy On Treating Nssi, Eating Disorders And Substance Abuse Disorder1264 Words   |  6 PagesEffectiveness of Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy in Treating NSSI, Eating Disorders and Substance Abuse Disorder Overview of intervention/Introduction Emma is a 15-year-old teenager diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. Partaking in episodes of binge eating, fasting and self- induced vomiting; Emma has a distorted perception regarding her weight and body image. Similarly, Ethan is a 16-year-old teenager diagnosed with Non- suicidal- self-injury (NSSI), who through repetitive cuts and burns to the bodyRead MoreThe War on Drugs Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagescould save money. Substance abuse is an overwhelming factor in crime, for example 50% of homicides involve drugs and alcohol. (Parks, G., Marlatt, A. 1999) Treating offenders for substance problems could make the difference in recidivism rates. There are several models of programs the state should consider when deciding treatment options for offenders. The state should consider instating and improving the social learning model. 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Instrumentation A wide variety of evidence based instruments that are available for the diagnosis and screening of individuals potentially or currently engaged in substance use or recovery from substance use disorders. Pre-screen instruments include NIDA Drug Use Screening Tool; quick screen, CRAFFT Part A, AUDIT-C, and the Opioid Risk Tool. Full-screen instruments include the NIDARead MoreFamily Therapy And Substance Abuse1524 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Family therapy is needed in so many aspects whether its trauma, substance, abuse or marital counseling. It doesn’t matter if it’s for adolescents in the family or adults. It’s important that a clinician is knowledgeable about family therapy and the best approaches to assist the family in becoming functional. 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Adolescent Dating Violence â€Å"Teen dating violence is a pattern of controlling behavior exhibited towards one teenager by another in a dating relationship†Read MorePsychodynamic Approach On Human Nature1108 Words   |  5 Pagespsychodynamic, cognitive- behavioral, existential- humanistic, and postmodern approach. â€Å"Psychodynamic approach sees human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality.† (McLeod, 2007, para. 4). Psychodynamic approach uses conscious and unconscious forces to explain one s personality. Sigmund Freud is looked upon as one of the creators of this movement. â€Å"Cognitive- behavioral approach,Read Morebshs 455 week 4 lt outline treatment approaches Essay839 Words   |  4 Pagesare types of approaches to help an individual with recovering from drug and substance abuse. The approaches that are being looked at to help someone recover is Cognitive Beh avioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET), Medication Management, Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA), and Community Reinforcement and Family Training Approach (CRAFT). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral; therapy (CBT) was developed as an aide to prevent relapse when treating addiction. CBTRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Counselor Go Hand With Good Counseling Skills1139 Words   |  5 Pagessharing and exchange of ideas. The qualities of a good counselor go hand in hand with good counseling skills. Cognitive Behavior Therapy My most favored counseling therapy method would be Cognitive Behavior Therapy, also known as CBT. According to the National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist, â€Å"As a research-based treatment modality, CBT is an effective treatment for substance abuse, eating disorders, and specific mental health diagnoses. An active therapeutic modality, CBT is present-orientedRead MoreMental Patterns Of Substance Abuse991 Words   |  4 PagesDrugrehab.org - How To Change Mental Patterns Of Substance Abuse? People with an addiction often struggle to break free because they treat only the physical element. The mental patterns that influence substance abuse must be changed if any addiction treatment to be successful. Understanding these patterns, and how to break them, can help you create a life free of addiction and its harmful consequences. The Mental Patterns Of Substance Abuse Our mental processes often work in patterns of repeated

Renewable Energy Sources Essay - 1360 Words

â€Å"Title† Every day the United States uses massive amounts of energy. Only about 8% of the United States’ energy needs are met by renewable energy sources. That means that eventually 92% of the nation’s energy resources will run out. Recently this problem has been brought into the public’s eye and the American people’s attention has shifted to renewable and â€Å"green† energy resources. President Jimmy Carter (1977) said that â€Å"[w]ith the exception of preventing war, this (the energy crisis) is the greatest challenge our country will face during our life time† (p. 418). There are many proposed solutions to this problem and wind and solar energy are just two renewable energy sources that could be used. North and South Dakota along with Texas have†¦show more content†¦Both wind and solar energy technologies are extremely environmentally friendly. There are sometimes freak accidents in which birds or bats are killed by the rotating blades on a wind turbine but for the most part the only â€Å"pollution† one could complain about would be that the farms are not aesthetically pleasing. Compared to non-renewable fuels the emissions and waste produced from wind and solar energy is practically nonexistent. These new energy sources can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and provide energy that can be renewed. Some could argue that the price is high for a reason; the wind turbines could be inefficient, prone to breaking, or have some other hidden malady. The main problem with wind turbines is the fact that it needs to be windy for them to work. But looking at solar cells quickly reveals the same type of problem; they are useless without the sun. So the question becomes what is there naturally more of- wind or sun? The answer depends on location. Certain areas are known for being windy and certain areas are known to be dry and hot. Most of the time sunny and windy conditions do not exist together. If an area has little sun, it is windy, if it is hot and sunny all the time, it usually does not have a lot of wind. In the United States the best places for solar panels are in the desert states like California, Arizona, and New Mexico. As for turbines, the flatter Midwest states produce the highest wind speeds. There is also the problem ofShow MoreRelatedRenewable Sources Of Energy Sources1213 W ords   |  5 PagesEnergy Sources Introduction Energy sources have been identified as being vital in running virtually all domestic and industrial operations. There are two types of energy sources; renewable energy sources and nonrenewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources refer to the kinds that are naturally replenished. These include sunlight, the wind, ocean tides, waves, geothermal heat and rain (Tiwari et al., 2012). Nonrenewable energy sources, on the other hand, are the kinds that do not renew themselvesRead MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy And Energy1120 Words   |  5 PagesAlternate energies are forms of energy that do not deplete natural resources or harm the earth. The sources of the energies are naturally found or generated or are part of a natural conversion from one source into another. Energy cannot be destroyed but can be converted into other forms, therefore there are many reactions occurring around us that allow us to harness these energies. Alternate sources of energy has been extensively researched as a result of the large energy crisis that is being experiencedRead MoreSources Of Renewable Energy Sources3327 Words   |  14 Pages cleaner energy sources. It was decided that six renewable energy sources should be researched in order to determine which are most suitable for use in the West of Scotland. 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This report aims initially to focus on the energy situation in the United Kingdom, and then present two forms of energy conventional energy in specific coal, and renewable energy which is wind energy, and will finally recommend the most suitable one after comparing and contrastingRead MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy And Energy1983 Words   |  8 Pagesof all the energy used in the day-to-day lives and operations of the entire world population are nonrenewable. This energy is created from the fossil fuels: coal, petroleum and natural gas. Fossil fuels are still cheap and high in supply, but the rate at which we are consuming them, which is only expected to increase, vastly exceeds the rate at which they regenerate. This creates the aforementioned problem of mankind running out of th e required natural resources to fuel its own energy demands. TheRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources Of Energy2600 Words   |  11 PagesThe worldwide demand of energy has been increasing considerably. 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This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water,Read MoreSources Of Energy : Renewable Energy Essay2238 Words   |  9 PagesSources of energy 1- Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation. Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural processes that are continuously replenished. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water, andRead MoreEnergy Sources Of Renewable Energy1944 Words   |  8 PagesExecutive Summary The development of renewable and alternative energy is becoming more and more necessary as the traditional fossil fuel energy is a non-renewable energy and can cause various environmental problems such as the global warming effect. However, the challenge today in generating alternative energy is to find a cost effective way while has the smallest harmful environmental impacts. Developing bioenergy have the advantage of reducing greenhouse gas emission while creating great economicRead MoreEnergy Sources And Non Renewable Energy Source Essay2240 Words   |  9 Pagessomewhat skeptical of this renewable energy source. The second group that I wish to address are those who are deemed to be environmentalists, who have a very strong faith in wind energy and other forms of renewables. Since these two audiences can be quite different the way in which I address concerns are going to have to be comprehensive to both. With focusing first on locals, I wish to include the basic information on wind turbines so that all aspects of this renewable energy source can be fully understood

Watershed Management Free Essays

Society and Polity 2010 Watershed Management – A Hope for Sustainable Development Table of Contents Watershed2 Integrated Watershed Management2 Categorization of Watersheds2 Need for Watershed Management:3 Characteristics of Watershed Management:3 Successful case of Watershed management in Maharashtra3 Approaches/methods used for people’s participation4 Persuasion4 Gandhian Approach4 Creation of a common platform4 Selfless leadership5 Identification of the most pressing common problem5 Achievements at Ralegan Siddhi5 ————————————————- Watershed Management: A Hope for Sustainable Development Watershed A Watershed is defined as a topographically delineated geographical area in which the entire run-off tends to converge, through the existing drainage system, to the common outlet of the area for subsequent disposal. In other words, a watershed is an independent drainage unit. Integrated Watershed Management It is the process of creating and implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal, and human communities within a watershed boundary Categorization of Watersheds Watersheds are categorized on the basis of the following criteria: * Based on Size: Based on size, the watersheds can be classified into micro, mini and large watersheds. We will write a custom essay sample on Watershed Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The watersheds with area less than 500 ha are called as micro watersheds. The watersheds with area more than 500 ha but less than 2000 ha are called as mini watersheds. The watersheds with area more than 2000 ha are called as large watersheds. * Based on Drainage: Based on drainage, watersheds can be classified into drains and streams. Drains refer to the smaller water channels whereas streams refer to the larger water channels. Based on Shape: Based on shape, watersheds can be classified into two types namely fan-shaped and fern-shaped. Fan shaped watersheds are those which are circular or nearly circular in shape. Fern shaped watersheds are those which are elongated in shape. * Based on Other Criteria: Watersheds can also be classified according to other factors viz. altitude (high watersheds and flat watersheds), moisture content (arid watersheds and wet watersheds), type of soil (black-soil watersheds and red-soil watersheds), etc. Need for Watershed Management: Watersheds are an asset and therefore they need to be managed properly so that we are able to utilize them in the years to come. They act as a source of water for the people living in and around watershed areas. They help in maintaining the nutrients of the soil, thereby supporting the agriculture sector to give a sustained yield. They also act as a good source of irrigation for the fields throughout the year. Since they support vegetation, they also help in reducing soil erosion as the roots of the vegetation hold together the top layer of the fertile soil. They also help in the development of the forests as they act as good source of water for the forest flora and fauna. Objectives: * Water has multiples uses and must be managed in an integrated way. * Water should be managed at the lowest appropriate level. * Water allocation should take account of the interests of all who are affected. * Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good. Strategies: * A long term, viable sustainable future for basin stake holders. * Equitable access to water resources for water users. The application of principles of demand management for efficient utilisation. * Prevention of further environmental degradation (short term) and the restoration of degraded resources (long term). Characteristics of Watershed Management: * Allowing an adequate supply of water that is sustainable over many years. * Maintains water quality at level that meets government standards and other social water quality objectives. * Allows sustainable economic development over the short and long term. Successful case of Watershed management in Maharashtra Development fundamentally refers to human beings. It should be a human experience to meet people’s physical, mental and emotional aspirations and potentials, not just in economic terms but should also lead to a sense of self-sufficiency and fulfilment. Ralegan Siddhi, often termed as an oasis of greenery surrounded by dry and bare hilly tracts is a unique example of transformation from poverty to plenty and a living model of people’s participation in natural resource management in a watershed. Ralegan Siddhi is a small village with an area of 982 ha in Parner county (taluka) of Ahmadnagar district, Maharashtra, India. It is a drought-prone and resource poor area with annual rainfall ranging between 50-700 mm and temperature varying between 28Â °C and 44Â °C. The village is surrounded by small hillocks on the northeast and southern sides. The land is undulating and slopes vary from 3-15%. The 1991 Census enumerated a population of 1,982 living in 310 households (presently estimated to be around 325). The sex-ratio being 902 females per 1,000 males (1,029 in 1971; 1,013 in 1981). The continued decrease in the ratio is explained as the return of male folk to the village with improvement in the socio-economic conditions of the village. Backward classes (scheduled castes and scheduled tribes) constitute only 14. 23% of the total population. Marathas of Khatri caste out-number other castes and constitute nearly two-third of the families. Among others are the backward castes including Mhar, Chamar, Bharhadi, Pardi, Sutar, Barber, Fishermen, Matang etc. By 1975, prior to intervention by Mr. Anna Hazare, the village had become quite notorious with all sorts of social evils, moral down fall and with badly shattered economic conditions. In general, the village presented the profile of a poverty-stricken and debt-ridden society. Scarcity of water was key to distress which limited the prospects of agriculture. The water table was below 20 m, most of the wells used to dry up during summer and the drinking water had to be fetched from the neighbouring villages. The high rate of surface run off, due to high degree of slope and lack of vegetative cover had washed away the top fertile layer of the soils. Barely 20 ha of the village area was under irrigation. As a consequence the agricultural production was too meagre to support and sustain the livelihoods of the people particularly the resource poor farmers. Not even 30% of the food grain requirements could be met from rain-fed mono-cropping practised in the village. Approaches/methods used for people’s participation The approaches/methods used by him for the participation of farmers in natural resource management works are highlighted below. Persuasion First of all, Anna went through a careful envisioning of the deteriorating situation in village life and decided to initiate through religion-moral undercurrent by persuading the people for reconstruction of Sant Yadava Baba temple. But he failed to impress and influence the people at large, primarily because the people were too busy with their own business and the worldly affairs. Gandhian Approach The second step was to set up examples by self-practising rather than mere preaching as Mahatma Gandhi used to do. Initially it went on unnoticed but in due course it gathered momentum. Particularly, he tried to organize the youths of the village under ‘Tarun Mandal’ (youth organization). Besides, participation from all the sections of society was ensured and encouraged. Creation of a common platform Keeping all the differences and disparities aside, a common platform and meeting ground was created in the form of Sant Yadav Baba’s temple. People started sitting in groups during evenings and discussing about the affairs of the village and common concern. Thus, the process of friendship, cooperation and communication started. Selfless leadership Anna himself invested all the money he had (Rs. 20,000) for purchasing building materials for the temple before asking others to contribute. Identification of the most pressing common problem The main reason of disintegration, division and distress of the village society was the lack of a sound livelihood support system. The economy of the village was agrarian and shortage of water for irrigation was the major constraint to its development. Thus, assured availability of water was collectively identified as the top priority in a meeting of villagers. Achievements at Ralegan Siddhi Successful abolition of social evils like alcoholism, dowry, corruption and the caste system. These changes paved the way for positive steps to development. Regeneration of watershed resources through people’s participation, a living example of watershed development and management. Development of agriculture and allied sectors by better farming practices and cropping patterns, judicious use of water by introducing drip irrigation system, yield enhancement etc. as a result the village where nearly three-fourth population was below poverty line, has become self sufficient and is surplus in food grains, today. Conclusion * Improving agricultural productivity. * Improving vegetative covers. * Increasing fodder food availability. Reducing soil erosion nutrient loss. * Improve water availability of surface groundwater. * Enhancing quality of life among local communities. The case study shows the success of Gandhian approach to people’s participation in watershed management. Since 1975, this has resulted into participation of all the 325 village families, renovation of a temple, stopping illicit liquor distillation, water harvesting in 4 small watersheds, construction of many check dams, plantation of five hundred thousand forest trees, controlled grazing, raising of ground water level rom 20 m depth to 6. 5 m, sale of onions worth Rs. 80 million in 1995 alone (exchange rate in June 1995 1 US$ = Rs. 31. 3), solar street lights, village toilets, biogas, organic farming, introduction of livestock, a full high school, institutionalization of decision making at village assembly level, local voluntary organizational capacity building, acceptance and application of voluntary code of conduct, formation of different action committees, etc. References How to cite Watershed Management, Papers

Academic Review Article Essay Example For Students

Academic Review Article: Essay Educating Coaches About Concussion in Sports: Evaluation of the CDCsHeads Up: Concussion in Youth Sports Initiative Written By Tyrell Thomas TarboroVanguard UniverityApril 07, 2017Article: Educating Coaches About Concussion in Sports: Evaluation of theCDCs Heads Up: Concussion in Youth Sports Initiative by Tracey Covassin, PhD, ATC; R. J. Elbin, PhD; Kelly Sarmiento, MPHPublication: The Journal of School Health 2012 May; Vol. 82(5), pp. 233-8OverviewEducating Coaches About Concussion in Sports: Evaluation of the CDCsHeads Up: Concussion in Youth Sports simply evaluates the effectivenessof the Heads Up Initiative and the difference in youth coaches educationand readiness such as preventing, recognizing, and responding toconcussions. Also, the article states, it is important that individualsinvolved in youth sports, coaches in particular, be aware of the signs andsymptoms of concussion and know how to respond if a concussion issuspected. According to Valovich-McLeod, only 61% of youth coaches couldcorrectly identify the symptoms of a concussion pre-and-post mortem (P. 234). The creator of the Heads Up program created a questionnaire composedby a panel of specialist that range from physicians to youth coaches togauge the knowledge of the youth coaches on concussions. The objective ofthis research was to see if the tools from the Heads Up education programprovided youth coaches with a better understanding on how to prevent,recognize, and respond to concussion. Their research found that coaches whopossessed the Heads Up information six months prior to the questionnaire,felt that this information was helpful to them in their coaching andeducation of concussions. Even though this survey was limited to a smallsample size and the knowledge of the youth coachs previous knowledge onconcussions prior to the survey was unknown, the consensus on the CDCsassessment of the Heads Up program is that this material taught coacheseither something new about concussions or provided them with theinformation to teach the kids, coaches, and parents about concussions. Thi sarticle concluded that all school officials involved in athletics andcoaches should implement a pre-season, mid-season, and post-seasonchecklist to include training on concussions to maintain the education andknowledge to prevent the mishandling of this serious injury. Research ProblemConcussions are defined as temporary unconsciousness or confusion due to aninjury to the head. Concussions have become an increasing problem forathletes playing sports, primarily in youth because the symptoms are notalways present immediately as with adults causing long term effects of thebrain to go unnoticed and untreated. With concussions increasing every yearand becoming more publicized, the attention has been placed on educatingcoaches, players and parents on how to prevent, recognize, and respond toconcussion in a timely manner to prevent long term diseases form developingin the brain. The articles hypothesis states, it is important thatindividuals involved in youth sports, coaches in particular, be aware ofthe signs and symptoms of concussion and know how to respond if aconcussion is suspected. The objective of this research was to see howeducated youth coaches were on concussions after receiving the Heads Upmaterial and if they were teaching they were properly preventing,recognizing and responding to concussions in their athletes. Research Design and ProceduresA 22-question survey was sent out to a small sample size of 1,000 coachesto gauge their knowledge and understanding of concussions and theeffectiveness of the Heads up educational material. The survey was sent outto coaches who had been given the Heads Up material 6 months prior to thesurvey. The survey questions varied from demographic to their awareness ofthe Head Up material they received and what they knew of the program, andalso what was their general knowledge of concussions. The coaches wereasked their opinion on how serious they thought concussions were and whatmaterials from the Heads Up program they thought were most helpful wheneducating other about concussions. The survey did not specify if thequestions were open-ended or closed-ended, nor did the article specify howthe survey was administered. Case Study on South Delaware Coors, Inc EssayThe survey wasnt broken down to be sport specific, gender specific, orsurrounding environment specific, which all of these attributes can affecthow a coach may answer these questions. The future studies recommended tofocus study on the policies laws being passed and the awareness of coacheson concussions, and doing this with controlled focus groups. I think forthis to be extremely successful and accurate a survey from every sport,every gender, and every state should be done, and even though a projectlike this can take a long time and be costly the overall result of thesurvey would be more accurate. Research Conclusions and RecommendationsThe authors state that with the help of the Heads Up educational material77% of the youth coaches said that they were able to identify concussionswith more ese after possessing the material. 50% of the coaches said thatthey learned something new, concluding that the Heads Up program was asuccess on a small scale. The CDC believes that making this materialaccessible to more youth coaches it will help with the implementation offuture concussion laws and policies. Any school or parental officialworking with youth athletic associations should prepare for concussionbefore athletes take the field. A pre, mid, and post season checklist canbe accessed on www.cdc.gov/concussion, to help coaches and parents prepareathletes for their upcoming season and keep them updated on concussionmaterial throughout their season. As a high school football coach, I makeit a priority to keep my athletes educated on the proper techniques to keepthemselves safe from concu ssion, it is the due diligence of a coach to putsafety before winning or pride. Researchers ReputationTracey Covassin, PhD a graduate of Temple University, is an associateprofessor in the kinesiology department and a certified athletic trainer inthe Sports Medicine Program for the Department of Athletics at MichiganState University. Tracey Covassins area of expertise is kinesiology andshe currently has an active grant with the Joe D. Pentecost Foundation: AProspective Examination of Neurocognitive Function, Balance, and SymptomReporting in Youth and High School Athletes with Sport-Related Concussions. R. J. Elbin, PhD is an assistant professor in Exercise Science at theUniversity of Arkansas, and Director of Office for Sports ConcussionResearch. Dr. Elbins research focuses on developing best practice forconcussion education; identifying factors that contribute to concussionrisk and prolonged recovery; and documenting the persistent effects ofconcussion on neurocognitive, psychosocial, and vestibular/oculomotorfunctioning in youth and adolescent athletes. Dr. Elbin has also given over 100 lectures on sports related concussionsand has published over 60 peer-reviewed publications for journals. Kelly Sarmiento, MPH expertise are in the Heads Up program and concussionwhere she serves a Health Communications Specialist for the Division ofUnintentional Injury Preventions Home and Recreation Team. Kelly leads theHeads Up program which is intended to educate all who have a commonobjective to prevent, recognize and respond to concussions in children. Kelly obtained her Bachelors degree from University of California, SantaBarbra and her Masters degree from Yale University School of Epidemiologyand Public Health. Her innovations have led to her being awarded within thepublic health and health communication fields. ReferencesTracey Covassin Directory College of Education Michigan StateUniversity. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2017. https://education.msu.edu/search/Formview.aspx?email=covassin%40msu.edu. Dr. R. J. Elbin Bio. N.p., n.d. Web. http://learntelehealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Elbin_Bio.pdf. A brief bio of Dr. Elbin and hisreputation. Executive Leadership and Expert Bios. Centers for Disease Control andPrevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 31 Mar. 2016. Web. 05 Apr. 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/pressroom/fullbios_subjectmatterexperts/bio_kellysarmiento.html. Covassin, T., Elbin, R. J., Sarmiento, K. (2012). Educating coaches aboutconcussion in sports: evaluation of the CDCs Heads Up: concussion inyouth sports initiative. The Journal of School Health, 82(5), 233-238. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2012.00692.

Managing Human Capital Essay Example

Managing Human Capital Essay I certify the content of the assignment to be my own and original work and hat all sources have been accurately reported and acknowledge, and that this document has not previously been submitted in it’s entirely or in part of any educational establishment. RAVIKUMAR P RATHOD. STUDENT ID: 0076LHLH0609 TASK 01: A. 1) abstract: From this report reader will able to understand HR managers role take in to consideration when there is change in external environment factors, and what human resource strategies will helps to became more competitive and how an organisation can take competitive advantage with various human resource practice within organisation. This part of the report will guide you around human resource strategies. A. 2 Key words: Role of human resource managers, organisational change, human resource practices, competition, benefits and drawbacks, communication channel, information technology and system, market, societal norms, external environment. (Words, -191) A. 3 INTRODUCTION: Human resource managers and leaders constant make efforts to accomplish successful and necessary change within the organisation. During this process, HR managers and leaders must follow certain approach to fulfil the necessary requirement to the organisation. Internal and external change can able to switch business environment. Moreover, organisational change and other development have become rife in communication for organisational leadership and management itself. However, the most important factor which affects the majority of the organisation is the competition. How accurately and fast organisation can compete with their product and services that another organisation supply. This will also analyse the organisations external environmental factors. Likewise, consumers uncertain demands and wants, and a new competitor enters into market. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Human Capital specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Human Capital specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Human Capital specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the following paragraphs, this report will analyse, organisations human resource practises and role of human managers during the external change in organisations with relevant examples. For example 01, Virgin Corporation plans to enter in cold drinks business in USA. They want to launch their own brand virgin cola. As a result, many companies in US such as, coca cola and PEPSI may face more competition and they needs to do more efforts to remain their products more competitive and their share prices remain stable in the market. Moreover, new technology and information system plays vital role, because advance technology means, new products and services can be improve. Nevertheless, natural disaster or dynamic situation can made change in to organisation. Such as, gulf war or swine flu virus. John bra ton and Jeffery gold, 1999 human resource management: theory and practice, London, Mc Millen publication house. * â€Å"Market is uncertain, it change every time. It is always depend on the variety of products and consumer behaviour. As results, an organisation needs to react or lose customers. A. 4 Organisation and competition: The amount of varied competition relies on the market the organisation operates in. For example 02, Small businesses like, High street mall, city centre mall, Large size of businesses likes, Cock, PEPSI, wall mart, M amp; S. And a constant moving market where the technology is being invent fast like, cell phone market. These types of organisation and situations may boost competition externally like, * Decrease in product price * Better quality but increase in product price Large amount of investment in advertisement to increase brand loyalty and publicity. A. 4 Human resource practices at external change: The most vital part for human resource managers is planning for the external change is scanning means to examine the environmental situation to recognise scopes or potential dangers to an organisation. To ignore the external change can have divesting effect on a business. For example 03, Easter Island: misunderstanding their natural resources, the jungle in this issue; left the place unable to sustain life. Nobody knows what happen to the inhabitants. But we know why their presence became extinct. The same thing can happen to any organisation, which neglect (ignore) the external environment changes. A. 5 Information system and technology: Joseph martocchio, 2009, research in personnel and human resource management, Howard house, emeralds group publishing limited. Many organisation senior executive and mangers don’t know how technology can affect the organisation and can bring change in to organisation. So, organisation must upgrade their production firm, machinery and administration within the organisation. HR managers needs to consider regularly briefing about technology, as a result, the technology which they are using, is it right for them. This can helps to make their position more competitive in the market. For example 04, A mobile manufacture company must know about what types design, software and style are in demand in market. So, they can make their hand set more demanding and they can make their product different t han other producers. This can increase the selling ratio and company’s total revenue Moreover, having advanced and right technology can improve organisation standard and profits. This will also give opportunity to HR managers to make their organisation more challenging for their competitors. â€Å"Technology is queer thing, it brings you great advantages with one hand and it stabs you in the back with the other. † C. P. SHOW, 15 march 1971. New your times, NY Ecological and environmental issues plays vital role within organisation. Change in government’s policy for the industries can also bring major changes within organisation. Change in legislation can affect the organisation selling and purchasing policy. Robert l Mathis, john H Jackson, 2008. Human resource management, 9 Thomas learning Inc. US For example 05, * Changes in national minimum wage for the workers or inflation. * Increase in corporation and other national insurance taxes. * In addition, external trading policy and funds, grants, and initiatives. This is the sources of income for the organisation but they can bring change internally within organisation from changing trading policy. * Organisations often fundamentally challenge invited societal norms. Because organisation can suffers from support, financial and public as well. This are the sources can make major changes into organisation. Change in lifestyle and fashion can bring change. Likewise, various types of age group buy various types of products. So, change in the population affects the demand for the product. As a results, HR manager needs to considered external factors which may bring change in business, such as fashion and trend. For example 06, Change in taste, businesses must react quickly as possible. Like, * Mc Donald, offering more healthy food. Consumers are more aware about environment and are against exploitation. A. Human resource strategies and dynamic situations: Majority of entrepreneurs have gone to invest and efforts to define human resource policies, practices and procedures that comply with government legislation and consistent with their organisational culture and ethic. â€Å"John Bretton and Jeffrey gold, 1999. â€Å" Human resource management: theory and prentices â€Å"London, mac Milan press ltd p 152-70 * Major Service markets such as, fast food outlets, supermarket like ASDA and TESCO, Sainsbury’s. Majority of organisations work design are typically involve the two types of framework, mostly is Hertzberg. And some firms adopt Taylor’s. While, others are irrationalised practices. in both frameworks cost ,and labour cost are in competition due to consumers are very price sensitive. A. 7 Cost based competitive strategy : This strategy HR managers allows to sustain paying only the market – clearing wage and minimally with labour law. Most organisations pay their workers and employees as a government law. However, to take competitive advantage organisations can pay slightly more than minimum wage for workers. For example 07, In UK, for student or contingent workers minimum wage is ? . 93 per hour. However, many organisations pay six to seven pound per hour. This is higher than minimum wage. From paying more, organisation can keep contingent means part time workers who can work with flexibility and organisation can also get benefits from hiring part time workers. This helps to reduce corporate taxes. * The only firm which sustain their presence in the pressurised market condit ions that built outstanding brand identity. They can dominant market share and enjoy reputational benefits in labour market. A. 8 mix market and greater customer service strategy: Certain types of service markets such as, older care centre, hotels and BPO, where different types of customers and higher valued added customers can be targeted. There is a clear potential for job enrichment competitive dynamics than based around a mix of cost and quality based competition. * Human resource takes into count as a higher value added segments. Organisation can higher highly skilled employees with experience and or can provide necessary training to their employees, and it is simply necessary that there are profitable higher value segment and it is cost effective to invest employee training and development programmes. For example 08, Telecommunication company, when customer call to buy contract phone from the company , sales executive not only offers what customer ask but also offers many packages as per customer budget. And evermore, they also offer cheap and affordable bundle and other services such as next day delivery or in case hand set faulty or if you’re Not happy with the hand set. As results, company can keep customer for longer period and take competitive advantage by providing excellent customer service. A. 9 Expertise – driven: In today’s world, high level professional services and other knowledge intensive services, work organisation is always dealt with high level of employee discretion. High performance work system in the service sector, like, management consulting energises, banking sector, organisation typically invest to build employee skills, enhancing motivation and providing opportunities to participate. * According to Michal losey, 2005. â€Å"Resource management â€Å", Alexandria, Virginia, john Wiley amp; sons, Inc. â€Å"Committing to hiring experts, in other word, bring them into partnership. This will leads to emergent competitive strategies in their field of expertise. They plays vital role within the organisation. † For example 09, When founder of Walt Disney past away, Roy became owner of the Walt Disney, but in his hand, Disney not performing well, then Disney’s board of directors and shareholders decided to hire new chief executive officer for Disney. And Disney comes with new CEO Robert Eger. He is expert in his profession. And he increases the Walt Disney total revenue and establish new picture studio name touchstone. According to box all and steeneveld, 1999; greenwood el al, 1990; literature. It is essential to measures competitive strategy in professional services firms in federalists rather than top down kind of way. * There are much more opportunities for human resource advantage in these expertise era. Experts can perform well and trained employees while there is external change within the organisation. A. 10 Conclusion: To sum up, it is clear that, HR managers and HR practices can transform due to uncertain market and government policies. HR must parallel the needs of his or her changing organisation and with the right HR strategy. Organisation can became more adaptive and resilient, fast to change in direction and customer centred. Moreover, HR managers can promote overall success of organisation from their practises and identify the organisations goal, mission, vision, values and action plans and they can measures how well it is succeeding in all this , how organisation gain sustainable competitive advantage. (Words: 1589 excluding abstract, keywords) A. 11 Recommendations: In my opinion, organisation must invest in employee development programmes, so they can gain knowledge about organisations product and services. Furthermore, organisation should hire a young graduates who are willing to work in challenging environment with flexibility, this allows organisation to become more competitive for their competitors in market. Moreover, businesses should have advance technology which becomes more competitive and helps to take competitive advantage. PART-02: discussion on compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreements are a major cause of our inability to compete in many sector of the international market. B. 1 Abstract: From this part of report, reader will able to understand how organisations employers and trade union negotiate their agreement through collective bargaining and what are the factor affecting to compete many sector of the international market for the entrepreneurs. How types of agreements will affect the organisation and their employees. B. 2 Keywords: Human resource management , competitive advantages, compensation package, collective bargaining, international market, trade union, total revenue, union representative, negotiations, small and large scale businesses, wages and hours, promoters, agreements. Words – 135 excluding) B. 3 Introduction: According to Clive Jenkins, Barrie Sharman, 1977 collective bargaining P-156-8 Mc grew hill publication Inc. â€Å"Collective bargaining is a process whereby workers representative, employees and investors, and trade union through their representatives, treat and negotiate with a view to the conclusion of a collective agreement or rene wal there of the resolution of internal or external disputes within the organisation. † In the following paragraphs this report will analyse situation in for and against of collective bargaining in organisation and give recommendations and my opinion. In addition, a collective agreement normally in written agreement between employer and organisations union. On behalf of workers employed by the owner of the organisation, it also refers to organisations terms and condition of employment of the workers. And their right, privilege, and responsibilities within the organisation. * When employer hires workers, they can demand labour, and agree on a price for that labour. Moreover, the agreement accepted, consideration and intension to create legal relationship constitutes a bargain to which compliance can be sought in law. B. 4 INTERNATIONAL MARKET: Clive Jenkins, berry Sherman, 1977, â€Å"collective bargaining† p 156 Mc grew hill publishing Inc. During the process of negotiation between trade union and employers, employers almost always offer less than what they are willing to pay. They expect that there will be a negotiation of salary and other benefits. In international markets, there is no business without two different parties. Each may relate to different countries. Due to high demand of trade union especially when it’s higher value added segments, management’s authority and freedom are became much more restricted by negotiation rules in case of business is new to country. If trade union representatives are miss placed by the union, it can be irrational for the organisation and workers. Because during the process of agreement between employer and representatives disputes or unsuccessful negotiation can be resulted into union strike. This creates dynamic situation for the business and workers itself. * Compensation package negotiated through collective bargaining may create significant potential for polarization between workers and managers of the organisation. Furthermore, mostly negotiation in workers’ wages and salary can be became major cause for organisation in international market. For example 10, Recently, Subsidiary company of Wal-Mart, ASDA is paying some its Bangladeshi workers just ? 6. 70 for a 48 hour week. The proper living wage in the country would be ? 25. 90 per week. As a result, workers went to strike in Bangladesh their production firm, workers stop making products for ASDA. Due to this it affects international trade and organisations revenue. Source: METRO newspaper, 22 July 10. P 09 * However, collective bargaining agreements may cause disproportionate effect of relatively few active employees on the many in the bargaining unit. This is particularly the case when process involves a system wide structure of election. * It also increase bureaucratization and consume more time for making decisions. When trade union demand is high and varied it also leads to management obelised more control on organisation. And consume time to give respond to agreement. * Moreover, it also creates more difficulties for employers at small companies to have their voices heard. And it also increase management expense relates to negotiation and administration agreements. Furthermore, collective bargaining restricts organisation top management’s ability to deal directly with individual employees within organisation. This will affect the communication channel between managers and workers. It also increase dependence on the small scale businesses for particularly those requiring technological competence, they may be compromise. B. 5 employment policy: * Compensation packages through negotiated through collective bargaining agreements may became cumbersome and time consuming, requiring flexibility during negotiation process. As results, there will be increase burden on the employers to solve or define flexible plans to solve as the basic of negotiations with a trade union representative. * On the other hand, collective bargaining promotes fairness and consistency in organisations employment policies and personnel decisions within and across organisation. However, compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreements eliminate ability of management to make unilateral change in workers’ wages, working hours and other terms and condition of the organisation employments policy. According to Randall Schuler, peter j doling, 1994, international dimensions of the HR management, second edition, wad worth publishing Inc. â€Å"compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreement can make employee and employer relations worsened rather than improved under such an agreement. For instance, workers within organisation will resist innovation due to time motion study. Hig hly demand compensation packages by trade union, generally unfair and less motivating for the big investors. According to Carlos Diaz – Moreno 2002, university of Minnesota, Spain. â€Å"Negotiation between workers and entrepreneurs is major bargaining game in economics. In majority of cases, agreements are delay as the parties continue negotiations or agreements are never reached. † For example 11, Automobile Manufacture Company called TATA wants to introduce world cheapest car in India. There for they decided to build their production plat where land and taxes are in favour. They built their plant in SINGUR, WEST BENGAL. But increasingly violent protest by local workers and government forced to TATA to move their plant somewhere else. This is the major case of failure in negotiation between workers and employers at international market. As results, organisation has to face huge amount of loss and they have to stop their production plant and local workers lose their employment. * According to Merlo and Wilson, 1995. Literature review, â€Å"Delays in bargaining are the results of the uncertainty about the size of cake, and the identity of compensation packages through collective bargaining. During the process of collective bargaining agreements, trade union and board of director’s utility is not transferable. This factor captures an essential issue for the labour market negotiation. Generally, predict that workers are less patient than investors giving the firms more negotiation authority. * Negotiation process between workers and employers basically considered two factors, workers minimum wag e and working hour’s regulation. Employer must meet the requirement what government minimum wage policy law for the international market. As a result, collective bargaining agreements are major cause to our inability to compete international market because it is not necessary, workers and employers are agree to with their demand every time. In some cases, organisational external factor also make negotiation processes slow down. * In addition, during the process of compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining workers always depend on their wages and specially, in some cases, when organisation is expanding along with total revenue of the organisation, workers demand will also increase. As results, workers and trade union realise their role and importance within organisation. Therefore, workers demand to increase their compensation packages or they may threaten organisation to gone into strike. This creates dynamic situation in many sector in international market. B. 6 CONCLUSION: To sum up, it is clear from the data, that union and employers played significant role during the process of collective bargaining agreement. It may discourage to investors at international market and encourage to seeking to creates attractive work situation prevent unionization at workplace. Therefore, I agree with this statement, that compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreements are major cause of our inability to compete in many sectors of the international market. Each negotiator is searching for advantage and one has to down, as a result, inverse relationship between two parties. Compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining process can create high impact situation at international market. Total package proposal is placed on the desk with an agreement of all elements crucial for settlement from trade union and employers in many sector of international market. B. 7 RECOMMANDATION: In my opinion, during the process of compensation packages negotiated through collective bargaining agreement, trade union must aware of the organisations profit and loss account, cash inflow ant out flow, and other balance shits and information provided in the financial reports of particular organisation with whom they negotiating. This can reduce burden from both parties and agreement in international market. Words-1538, excluding part01 and abstract, keywords and recommendation.

Jack Londons Biography Essays

Jack Londons Biography Essays Jack Londons Biography Paper Jack Londons Biography Paper John (Jack) Griffith London (1876-1916) was born in San Francisco, California. His mother, Flora Wellman, came from a wealthy family. As an infant, Virginia Prentiss, a major mother figure, raised Jack in Jack’s childhood, an ex-slave. She was obligated to care for Jack because Jack’s mother was ill. In his teenage years, Jack worked very hard jobs – he served on a fish patrol catching poachers; he pirated oysters on the San Francisco Bay; he sailed the Pacific Ocean on a sealing ship; and he joined Kelly’s Army of Unemployed Working Men. London also traveled around the country, not returning to high school until the age of 19. During these years Jack was often reading the different writings of various authors. He chose to be a writer to escape the life of a factory worker. He often submitted literary works like jokes, stories, and poems to publications, usually with little or no success. When Jack London turned 21 in 1897, he spent the winter in the Yukon. This provided material and motivation for many of his stories. He started publishing many of these in the â€Å"Overland Monthly† in 1899. Jack London thereafter became known as a highly disciplined writer who produced over fifty volumes of political essays, stories, and novels. The Call of the Wild brought Jack London lasting fame in 1903. Many of Jack’s short stories deserve to be called classics, even to this day. In 1907 Jack London began a voyage in a small boat across the Pacific Ocean that he would not end until 1909. This voyage was a key in breaking the taboo over leprosy. The journey also gave London material for books he would write on Melanesian and Polynesian cultures. Jack London’s best novel, The Sea Wolf, was based on experiences at sea. Jack London’s love life was a unique one. London’s first marriage, in 1900, was to Bess Madden. With Bess, Jack had two daughters, Joan, and Bess. Jack co-wrote a book titled â€Å"The Kempton-Wace Letters† with Anna Stronsky. This was based on the belief that mates should be selected for good breeding, not love. To this Bess agreed. After an affair with Charmain Kitteredge who was five years older, London divorced Bess. In 1905 Jack London married this â€Å"Mate Woman† who became a major character in many literary works, and who also joined Jack on many of his excursions. By 1914, Jack London’s health was failing. In his South Sea voyages it is said that he got malaria, dysentery, pleurisy, yaws, and other diseases. In the next couple of years his health only worsened. Matters were not helped by his refusal to slow down with his writings or his desire for the taste of raw meat. From this point many stories diverge. One story is that his pain worsened and was alleviated by drugs. One night he overdosed on morphine (accidental?) and was near death in the morning. He died that night. The other story says he got a kidney disease and died of renal failure. Either way, Jack London died on November 22, 1916 at the age of forty. His writings have been translated into several dozens of languages and are more often read in some countries outside of the United States today than in his home country. Jack London will be missed.

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 34

Business Ethics - Essay Example d of addition; that is why companies should make sure that their consumers understand that they might end up being addicted to the product (Orleans, 1993, 81). Fourthly, smoking may surely become a whole in a budget, so companies who promote this product should warn about possible financial consequences when a person will have to spend a certain sum of money each month to harm one’s organism (Sloan, 2004, 51). Finally, the reality of smoking is not as glamorous or exciting as it is being portrayed. So, tobacco companies should not deceive people by providing them with different pictures that do not reflect the reality at all (Wallander, 1995, 143). Ð ¡apitalism often relies on shared ownership which means that a considerable number of people might hold shared and by combining their voice they might shape decision making process in a way they want (Kruse, 2010, 41). In addition to that, capitalism often points out that making ethical decisions may be quite beneficial in long term perspective, especially when company accepts its social responsibility and tries to maintain sustainable production (Young, 2003, 194). What is more important is that capitalism puts great emphasis on the notion of free market, which urges companies to make sure that their decisions will ensure their competitive advantage over competitors (Buchholz, 2012, 28). As for the connection between capitalism and tobacco, I think that the former might view the latter as a popular commodity which is likely to bring a considerable amount of profits, regardless of the harm that it will do with regard to the person who consumes or addicted to it, and encourage peo ple to buy it. Keeping in mind the above mentioned, one is able to argue that it is quite possible to combine the interests of a company with personal interest. Thus, on the one hand, any organization wants to be successful, so profit might be recognized as one of the primary goals of it (Jayachandran, 2004, 71). Nevertheless, a company is

Quality Management Models Analysis: Philips

Quality Management Models Analysis: Philips Introduction: Technology in modern times has been one of the fastest growing industries, with its impact to overall life conditions to human being. Improvement of the existing automotives, discovery of new materials and features has leaded to introduction of different machines and electronics that is being widely used in daily basis, and life would seem to be miserable without them. Turning back to centuries ago, one may ask how the predecessors have lived and learned without the smart technique, now being part of our life. But one should not forget that it is human being who has created the luxury of having the technique being around to serve the requirements and make the life of us easier. Project has been assigned to review the Business Excellence model adopted by Philips Electronics, highlighting the role of the staff and management in achieving it, known as Business Excellence through Speed and Teamwork (BEST). The abovementioned matter will be reviewed in the first paragraph, being followed by an analysis of BEST as complementary to quality model in the next one. I will shed light on the success of the model and provide comparative application of the model to the case of bp Exploration (Caspian Sea) ltd., to discuss the possible outcomes in the third paragraph, followed by conclusion on the outcomes of analysis. Philips Electronics: Review of Quality Management System Background: The corporate slogan of Philips nowadays state we (Philips) aim to improve the quality of peoples lives through the timely delivery of meaningful innovations delivered with the promise of sense and simplicity (Annual report, 2009). The slogan has been strong attraction of the value company provide to its stakeholder as well as the process itself keeping the control of time and delivery. The commitment of the company has been displayed in the philosophy of 4 Ds: Delight customers through exceeding their expectation by product and services; Deliver great results raising the quality of provided product and services; Develop people continuous learning and development; Depend on each other work as One Philips (Annual report, 2009). Since 1891, the foundation period, Philips Electronics has developed from producer of carbon filament lamps into a worldwide company having business in three large sectors as Healthcare, Lighting and Consumer Lifestyle (Philips, Global Web page). Over the years company has enriched its capacity by 35,000 Registered trademarks, 56,000 design rights, 48,000 patent rights, 3 incubators, 7 research laboratories spread over Europe, North America and Asia, 127 Production sites, 100 countries with sales and service outlets (Annual report, 2009). Besides company has been active in life of communities through its Social sustainability programs devoted to reduction of energy consumption of products and facilities, greener products to protect the environment, support to dialog on climate change and energy efficiency and healthcare at the communities (Annual report, 2009; Philips, Global web page). Overall, company has shown commitment in support of economic growth, environmental protection and social equity in the areas of operation. Established Quality System We have already indicated the impact of the changing customer requirements and technology development on competitive environment, making organizations to adopt necessary steps and techniques to be able to fit into the real picture and be able to satisfy customers and gain business profit. One of the philosophies being adopted in organizations as an outcome of the new idea of management and instructive principle and means for continuous improvement is Total Quality Management (TQM) (Chung et al., 2008, p.369). Knights and McCabe (1999, p.198) indicate the role of TQM in pulling continuous improvement throughout the organization being customer and process oriented, where Dean and Bowen (1994, cited in Knights and McCabe, 1999, p.198) enrich the description by highlighting three main principles of TQM, practices and techniques, teamwork and customer focus. Philips Electronics, not being different to most of the market players, also has been struggling for the comfortable place under the Sun to be able to earn profits from the huge business being carried out. During the decade of 1990s, Philips has gone trough reorganization of business, shaping the orientation, selling out some of the assets, as well as employee cut backs to strengthen its position in the markets (Oakland, 2003, p.456). Understanding the role of quality in the life of company and its stakeholders management has moved up with certification of ISO 9000 for process management and application of EFQM excellence model across the organization (Oakland, 2003, p.458). The model been worked out has been named as BEST, standing for Business Excellence through Speed and Teamwork, summarizing the value and drive for continuous improvement through the alignment of goals and strategy, improvement of business processes by incremental steps and breakthroughs, achieving the excellence in performance though accelerated learning linked to the development of competence and knowledge of employees from best practices both internal and external, raising capabilities within teams and departments (Oakland, 2003, p.458). One may ask why stress has been put on speed and teamwork? The management in Philips Electronics had clear view on the importance of timely implementation of the business processes, taking the non value adding waste off, reducing the cycle time and delivering business value, as well as the efficient teamwork, through sharing the best practices and knowledge, providing support to each other being the key in competitiveness over the rivals (Oakland, 2003, p.459). Hsu and Shen (2005, p.358) indicate the important role of people in TQM as off by employee contribution and involvement, understanding of what and how in implementation of TQM initiative and feedback, individuals take the responsibility on quality of their own work, hence maximizing the outcome and business excellence. People, employees of an organization present wealthy resource with skills, knowledge and experience in certain areas and organizations cannot force them to share the knowledge until favorable conditions, where each individual is willing to do so are created (Hsu and Shen, 2005, p.358). But when people are brought together and united in the teams under relevant condition and environment for teamwork, then continuous improvement towards the set up goals is easier through sharing and proper communication among team members. The teamwork and team spirit is one of the core values that big companies, including Philips Electronics trying to achieve through knowledge management initiative, as different cultures, backgrounds, languages spoken are best eliminated in the joint healthy teams, where people have one common goal of achieving the targets put ahead. As can be seen the BEST model adopted in Philips Electronics covers all the areas of TQM implementation starting form stakeholder satisfaction, process and strategy alignment to performance audits and actions. 2 Comparison: BEST, Excellence Model and TQM Many researchers have concluded the existing quality systems should complement each other to bring the desired result for continuous improvement. The statement by Adebanjo (2001, p.40) as business excellence and quality can and need to complement each other to provide organizations with the operational and business success they aspire to and which is necessary for survival in todays market has been shared and accepted by many. The idea has been proved throughout of many witnesses as off Wade (2000, cited in Adebanjo, 2001, p.39) state Excellence model by EFQM has the same basis principles as off TQM. Looking deep into the essence of the thought one may see the roots being similar, as off thrive for business excellence, quality of management, stakeholder satisfaction, competitiveness through better resource and process management, hence proving the point raised. Coming to the matter of BEST model adopted in Philips Electronics and its role in complementing the excellence model and quality system, I would like to draw attention to the main principles of BEST to verify the point. Ho (1999, p.87) states as part of TQM initiative organizations developing corporate culture where employees are treated as the most valuable asset, grouped in teams to bring wealth of knowledge and skills and that culture helps to achieve excellence. In BEST people are being accepted as source of knowledge and skills as well to bring wealth of experience and managing quality in each of the work being carried out. Oakland (2005, p.1056) indicates that members of an organization should work together, as off cooperation among the employees is key for quality improvement. Attention to people / teamwork within the BEST model can be compared to enablers in the excellence model and internal stake holder in TQM, as off value being provided by those. Also another point could be the emphasis given to relevant tools to be able to monitor and control the processes, and performance, identifying the gaps and addressing those within applicable framework, within BEST model. As noted by Van Schalkwyk, (1998, p.124) the performance measurement system highlights the organizational commitment to the principles of TQM evaluating different aspects of stakeholder satisfaction, company responsiveness and process efficiency. Enforcement of four step cycle PDCA (plan, do, check, act) to review the strategic and operational development; Balanced Business Scorecards (BBS) to monitor the result drivers and facilitate faster decision making; Process survey tools (PST) allow teams to asses the business processes and implement improvements; PBE assessment for evaluation against the EFQM excellence model to improve process enablers and results; where headquarter audit is used for peer evaluation of business management team in achievement of excellence (Oakland, 2003, p.460-62). Considering the abovementioned facts, I would agree that BEST is complementary to the excellence model and TQM. 3 bp Exploration (Caspian Sea) ltd: Business Excellence Model Background bp is worldwide oil and gas company operating in Exploration, Midstream and Downstream. In Caspian basin it represented by bp Exploration (Caspian Sea) ltd, operating in ACG and SD oil and gas fields as per Production Sharing Agreement signed back in 1994 (bp Caspian, web page). bp Exploration (Caspian Sea) ltd has hierarchical organizational structure, with adopted quality system coordinating the collaboration. Operating Management System (OMS) is the bible of quality system of the company, presenting the BP Way, with all the relevant ISO 9001, ISO 14000 standards and process descriptions. Above-mentioned standards provide both process and environmental safety management framework, and applicable tools and techniques been established to be able to asses the performance of the company against the standards. Coming to the matter of people management, company has got staff handbook and Code of Conduct summary of behavioural culture managing the relations, staff development and problem solution. Over the years of operating in the Caspian basin the company has established good relations with stakeholders, communities and government institutions. bp Exploration (Caspian Sea) ltd, has been keen on the continuous improvement and has gained new contracts and project in the area. BEST and quality system of  BP Exploration ltd As stated above bp as global oil and gas company has a history of operating 100 years dated back in 1909. Throughout the period the company has established, reengineered and re structured its organization and quality standards as well to come up with existing model. In this paragraph, BEST model by Philips Electronics and quality system by bp Exploration (Caspian Sea) ltd., will be compared to identify the advantages and disadvantages of its adoption within bp Exploration (Caspian Sea) ltd. Speaking on advantages of the Adoption of BEST model I may indicate EFQM excellence model for self assessment, which bp Exploration (Caspian Sea) lack of. Process survey Tools being utilised in Philips at the team level are being used in the mid managerial level, causing more bureaucracy to bring up the issues on to the desk. PBE assessment can be regarded as evaluation towards the BP Way of accepted standards to verify the deviations and put actions to correct. Other aspect being regarded as advantage can be the speed of decision making or process implementation, which sometimes takes longer in bp due to natural bureaucracy and internal procedures to be followed. However, this option can also be regarded as disadvantage taking the industries the companies operate the effect of wrong decisions will be far more disastrous in exploration industry, which has been witnessed in recent Gulf of Mexico incident (BBC News). The advantages shown above from application of BEST model into the existing quality system of bp Exploration (Caspian Sea) ltd, can also be accepted as complementing factor for business excellence, model for better results and success of a company, contributing to the thought by Adebanjo (2001, p.40). The knowledge management in bp Exploration (Caspian Sea) ltd., can be accepted as more developed than in Philips Electronics. The reason behind is oil and gas field has more specifics requirements and knowledge databases to be shared across the players with lessons learned and peer review on each of the subject area. The knowledge management provided in the industry covers all the players worldwide, which allows to capture and learn more and increases the quality of sharing. In this case the knowledge management suggested by BEST model can be considered as disadvantage. The rest of the model aspects are almost generic or similar to the internal process and procedures employed in bp Exploration, as off scorecard utilisation and data usage, benchmarking, auditing etc., so those have been dismissed from comparison. Conclusion In the project we have reviewed two different quality models been adopted in Philips Electronics and bp Exploration (Caspian Sea) ltd., identified their contribution to the preposition stated by Adebanjo (2001, p.40) and compared those mutually for identification of advantages and disadvantages if adopted in oil and gas industry. Overall TQM is considered to be a framework for organizations, being customized by all the adopters to fit their specific purposes, having the key idea of customer satisfaction and continuous improvement to be kept on top. How Are Laws Made In England And Wales? How Are Laws Made In England And Wales? Parliament of England and Wales is responsible for creation of law. Parliament has three parts House of Common, House of Lords and Monarch, who plays an essential role in law making process. Legislation or statutes passed by Parliament take the form of Acts of Parliament. Parliament can also delegate some power to ministers of crown, local authorities, semipublic organizations, court rule committees, and the Privy Council (Mary Charman, Bobby Vanstone 2008). Bill first transferred to the House of Common then it will go to the House of Lords for implementation of changes if required. Before making it a law, it is necessary that both houses should agree on bill. The formal process of law creation is divided into six parts. First reading (Reading means bill first read out in parliamentary chamber); it is the introduction stage of bill into the parliament so that MP should prepare for further discussion. Second reading, in this stage, Minister in charge of the bill should explain the aim and objective of bill then he gives the answers to the MP’s question regarding bill, if MP is satisfied with the bill then vote will be taken at the end. After sufficient approval bill can be forwarded to committee stage. In the Committee stage, bill can be explained in detail and examined by MP’s standing committee, who can also add amendments to the bill. Next at stage four i.e. the Report stage, MPs can suggest amendments and then votes are taken for amendments. Third reading, it is the last stage where bill can be studied as a whole and then forwarded to the other house for amendments. In the final stage i.e. Royal assent, bill has completed itsparliamentary process and ready to become a law. In old times, it was necessary to get signed consent by Queen but nowadays Queen merely signs her general consent (Mary Charman, Bobby Vanstone 2008). A new law should be clear and understandable, Statutory interpretation is the parliament’s responsibility to make a new law clear and easy to understand (Chynoweth 2002). Thus parliament has developed rules to assist them. These rules help people to understand the laws. Primary rules for statutory interpretation can be classified into three rules, first are Literal rule; in this rule courts should interpret the meaning of statute so that people can understand what message parliament want to convey. Second rule is Golden rule; which means when law has changed according to the literal rule and it gives an absurd result it means judge should change it and make it more clearly to people. Third rule is Mischief rule; this is the rule where court asked questions to the parliament about the law like what the intension of making this law, what mistake was held while explaining the law and what would be the solution for removing this error (Eskridge 1994). This is the last stage of whole law process. Case law is refers to the judicial decision of the court. When a case is published it is known as Law Report. Law reports comprise the statement of facts, legal arguments, judgment and judicial reasoning. Only a small percentage of ‘legally significant’ cases, usually from the superior courts, are ever reported. When case law is not published (unreported), it may be available as a transcript of the judgment, or as a newspaper article. Task Two Defining Contract Contract is an agreement,created by two or more than two parties having intention to create a legal relation, which has two elements; offer and acceptance made by competent person who have the capacity to change considerations(MacMillan Stone, 2012). In England and Wales, contract is a set of terms and conditions about the selling good for example terms of sale, price, item of good, and the date of completion. When an agreement is completed and monies paid, any issue related the agreement between two parties can be raised according to the contract law. Elements within the contract law are explained below: Offer A contract begins with an offer; offer can be defined as the intension to sell something or being in contract with someone, who can accept or reject offer, on particular terms and (MacMillan Stone 2012). An offer is a proposal to sell or buy goods and services under specific terms and conditions. It is a necessary element of a contract. Offer has different forms like, television, newspaper, radio, fax, email etc. For example, a shopkeeper is offering a watch worth 3,000 it means he want to sell that watch, it is an offer created by shopkeeper to people. People can accept that offer or negotiate for the amount or reject. Negotiation process has its own elements like, statement of intention, invitation to treat and request for information. Statement of intention is the instance when a person intends to do something but it is not necessary that he will do.For example,when business people use them for proposals and college applicants use them for acceptance into a college. Request for an information means when one party requested to the other party for information, it was not an offer for example, when one party wanted to know that what would be the lowest price that he would accept, then party telegraphed to second party. Invitation to treat is an invitation to make an offer but not an offer. For example, when shopkeepers offers buy one get one free deal then it was invitation to treat. If people visit the shop, they must give people two goods in the price of one. A counter offer is the offer where one party can reject original offer and makes new terms and condition which can be accepted or not by second party (Gerald and Kathleen Hill n.d.). In other words when a person is not satisfied with original offer then he can create counter offer in which he placed new terms and conditions which can another person accept or reject. For example, a seller is selling a vehicle. A buyer arrives and offers $10,000 for the car and to get a higher price, seller counteroffer, and asking for $11,000. Communication of offer An offer must be communicated. If there is lack of communication, agreement cannot be done because a contract is an agreed bargain, and therefore, without knowledge ofoffer agreement cannot be done. For example,A and B are sitting together.An offers his scooter for 5,000 to B. reach the ears of B, the offer of A is complete. Acceptance Acceptance is the second important element of contract where one party accepts the offer and get into the contract with specific terms and conditions created by first party (MacMillan Stone 2012). In other words when a person accepted all terms and conditions of offer given by person who created an offer, then it may consider as acceptance. The act of accepting the terms of offeror is called Acceptance. For example, when shopkeeper offers a watch worth 3,000 and buyer accepts the offer and purchase that watch at 3,000 it is called acceptance. Consideration A consideration can be defined as the responsibility of both the parties participated in contract, one who created an offer or second who is going to accept that offer (MacMillan Stone 2012). For example, if one party offers a watch worth $3,000 and second party accepted that offer then first party’s consideration is watch and second party’s consideration is $3000. Task Three Equal Pay Equal Pay Act 1970 is the act which is created due to the increasing discrimination between men and women in respect to their pay, output and other incentives. After coming into force this act decreases the discrimination between men and women. It has different scenarios:- Like work, is the scenario where men and women both are working similar nature of work, but women getting low pay as compare to the men. For example: a company employs male and female both for cleaning jobs and employer also gives some additional duties to man on occasionally basis like in rainy season etc., then female has the right to claim for equal pay if employer offers higher pay to male. Equivalent work, means giving equal importance to the jobs given to man and woman both. Employer cannot consider man’s work more important than woman if both are performing similar jobs. For example: Both man and woman is doing equal jobs in an organization but after job evaluation of both management gives 6 points to men and 4 points to woman. If woman found her job rated less than a man, then women have right to claim for equivalent work. Equal value of work means where woman’s skills and efforts valued less than man’s skills. For example, an employer creates a job description about skills, and qualification for a specific job. But for the same skills and qualification woman considered less than man by employer. In this situation woman has the right to claim for equal value of work. This act gives right to everyone to get equal pay but it cannot apply for the same sex. Man cannot claim for equal pay as compare to other man. He can claim when his skills considered less as compare to woman or vice versa. Conclusion Equal pay act1970has a significant effect on the pay of women in UK. There are many changes that one can see in the states of women employees.This equal pay act has increased the overall image of women at workplaceafter eliminating all the discriminations like lower pay unequal job evaluation etc. Task Four Equality Act 2010 Equality Act 2010 is the combination of different discrimination acts like equal pay, race, disability and sex discrimination and equality on the basis of religion. After combining all these acts a new act is created named Equality Act 2010 (Britain 2010). This act protects the rights of equality of people who are of different sex, race and age. This act also provides facilities to people who are suffering from disability and of different religion or belief. This law came into force in 2010 thus it is new for everyone. Researcher want to convey all the necessary information regarding this law as it has importance for every person (young, old, men, women, gay, lesbian, or bisexual) of England and Wales therefore researcher choose Equality Act 2010. Implications for employers and employees Equality act of 2010 replaces all previous acts from last 30 years. This act has many implications on employers as well as employees. After coming into force this act has helped employees and ordered employers to add different equality policies into their organization. For example, Dual discrimination: Dual discrimination means when a person is getting treated differentlyat workplace on the basis of two different features.This provision helps employees to avoid discrimination on the basis of dual characteristics, for example a black woman can claim for equality if she is discriminated on the basis of sex and race. Discrimination on the basis of disability: Disable people, who can be treated unfavorably at workplace, can claim for equality. Employer should use occupational health provider for these people. For example, employers now providing facility to those who are unable to walk or using wheelchair by installing a ramp. Equal pay or Sex discrimination: Employer should provide equal pay to everyone (man or woman) who is doing similar jobs. For example, employer now motivating women employers as well by providing them equal pay for similar jobs. Discrimination on the basis of religion or belief: Employers now providing different facility to different cultures employees for example, offering their traditional food, cloths, resident and allow them to follow their customs. Discrimination on the basis of age: Now employers offering equal pay to different age’s people for example, oil employee getting equal pay as compared to young employee. According to the news dated, May 23, 2014 in CIPD, an employee named Anderson who was working as the mayor of Liverpool was covered by discrimination law. In the Andersen V Chesterfield High School Case, in order to fulfill his public duties in local politics, Anderson extended his leave arrangements but when he became mayor his employer ended his leave arrangement and terminated his duties. Then Anderson claimed that his dismissal constituteddirect discrimination because of his belief, which was a philosophical commitment to public service for the common good. The employment tribunal examined whole situation and found that dismissal was unfair, because Anderson was neither consulted before termination nor was he given the right to appeal This case reflects the application of Equality Act 2010 for the protection of employees (Javaid, 2014). Conclusion Equality act 2010 has helped many people in England and Wales who sometimes feel discriminated against within the organization. This act included all the provisions of previous acts like act for discrimination on the basis of age, sex, disability, race, and region or belief. Employers after the introduction of Act have introduced policies to decrease discrimination in their organization. The policies are aimed at offering equal pay to those who are performing same job, providing facilities to disable employees, hiring employees from different religion or belief. This act makes UK fair and equal for all people. References Britain, G., 2010. Equality Act 2010, Part 15, Stationery Office. Available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=5yMQHVRN-loCpgis=1 [Accessed May 29, 2014]. Chynoweth, P., 2002. Statutory Interpretation. Matthew Adshead, p.1 to 10. Available at: http://www.lawlectures.co.uk/law1/Documents-Law1/Statutory-Interpretation(Study-Paper).pdf [Accessed May 23, 2014]. Eskridge, W.N., 1994. Dynamic Statutory Interpretation, Harvard University Press. Available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=Rl2BWejLa_ECpgis=1 [Accessed May 29, 2014]. Gerald and Kathleen Hill, Legal Dictionary | Law.com. Law.com. Available at: http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=376 [Accessed May 26, 2014]. MacMillan, C. Stone, R., 2012. Elements of the law of contract. Stewart House, p.1 to 245. Available at: http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sites/default/files/programme_resources/laws/ug_subject_guides/elements_law_contract-subjectguide4chapters.pdf [Accessed May 23, 2014]. Makbool Javaid, 2014. Belief in public service protected by Equality Act. Available at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/pm/peoplemanagement/b/weblog/archive/2014/05/23/belief-in-public-service-protected-by-equality-act.aspx [Accessed May 29, 2014]. Mary Charman, Bobby Vanstone, L.S., 2008. The British constitution, law reform and the parliamentary legislative process. In As law. p. 1 to 106. Available at: books.google.co.in/books?isbn=184392417X [Accessed May 23, 2014].